Ambrose Bierce

Born in Horse Cave Creek, Meigs County, Ohio, USA.

1. 1869-00-00 “Differences Resolved”
2. 1869-00-00 “The Provocations of the Pius”
3. 1870-00-00 “Inglorious Soup”
4. 1870-00-00 “Nurse Wanted”
5. 1870-05-07 “The Discomfited Demon”
6. 1871-00-00 “Theological Questions Answered”
7. 1871-00-00 “Wanted: One Virgin”
8. 1871-07-00 “The Haunted Valley”
9. 1874-00-00 “A Fowl Witch”
10. 1874-00-00 “A Tale of Spanish Vengeance”
11. 1874-00-00 “A Tale of the Bosphorus”
12. 1874-00-00 “Brief Seasons of Intellectual Dissipation”
13. 1874-00-00 “Converting a Prodigal”
14. 1874-00-00 “Dr. Deadwood, I Presume”
15. 1874-00-00 “Feodora”
16. 1874-00-00 “Following the Sea”
17. 1874-00-00 “Four Jacks and a Knave”
18. 1874-00-00 “Jim Beckwourth’s Pond”
19. 1874-00-00 “John Smith”
20. 1874-00-00 “Juniper”
21. 1874-00-00 “Maud’s Papa”
22. 1874-00-00 “Mrs. Dennison’s Head”
23. 1874-00-00 “No Charge for Attendance”
24. 1874-00-00 “Nut-Cracking”
25. 1874-00-00 “Pernicketty’s Fright”
26. 1874-00-00 “Seafaring”
27. 1874-00-00 “Snaking”
28. 1874-00-00 “Stringing a Bear”
29. 1874-00-00 “Sundered Hearts”
30. 1874-00-00 “The Civil Service in Florida”
31. 1874-00-00 “The Early History of Bath”
32. 1874-00-00 “The Fables of Zambri, the Parsee”
33. 1874-00-00 “The Following Dorg”
34. 1874-00-00 “The Grateful Bear”
35. 1874-00-00 “The Legend of Immortal Truth”
36. 1874-00-00 “The Magician’s Little Joke”
37. 1874-00-00 “The Setting Sachem”
38. 1874-00-00 “Tony Rollo’s Conclusion”
39. 1874-00-00 “Curried Cow”
40. 1874-01-10 “Why I Am Not Editing ‘The Stinger’”
41. 1874-01-17 “Corrupting the Press”
42. 1874-03-00 “The Night-Doings at ‘Deadman’s’”
43. 1874-03-04 “A Providential Intimation”
44. 1874-05-02 “The Baptism of Dobsho”
45. 1874-06-06 “The Race at Left Bower”
46. 1874-07-04 “A Shipwreckollection”
47. 1874-08-01 “Mr. Masthead, Journalist”
48. 1874-08-15 “Mr. Swiddler’s Flip-Flap”
49. 1874-08-29 “The Little Story”
50. 1874-09-05 “The Failure of Hope & Wandel”
51. 1875-00-00 “The Captain of the ‘Camel’”
52. 1876-00-00 “The Man Overboard”
53. 1878-10-26 “The Famous Gilson Bequest”
54. 1879-05-24 “A Psychological Shipwreck”
55. 1881-00-00 “Mike de Young’s Ambition”
56. 1881-00-00 “The Show Business”
57. 1882-12-23 “A Holy Terror”
58. 1883-00-00 “Very Lucky Baldwin”
59. 1883-09-29 “George Thurston”
60. 1885-01-03 “A Cargo of Cat”
61. 1885-12-26 “Jupiter Doke, Brigadier-General”
62. 1886-00-00 “Judicial Homicide”
63. 1886-03-27 “An Imperfect Conflagration”
64. 1886-04-24 “A Revolt of the Gods”
65. 1886-05-08 “The Bubble Reputation”
66. 1886-12-25 “An Inhabitant of Carcosa”
67. 1887-06-04 “The Christian Serpent”
68. 1887-06-05 “Killed at Resaca”
69. 1887-06-15 “An Officer and a Thug”
70. 1887-07-10 “The Man Out of the Nose”
71. 1888-02-26 “A Bottomless Grave”
72. 1888-03-11 “One of the Missing”
73. 1888-04-22 “Bodies of the Dead”
74. 1888-06-24 “A Fruitless Assignment”
75. 1888-06-24 “Present at a Hanging”
76. 1888-07-29 “A Son of the Gods”
77. 1888-08-26 “A Cold Greeting”
78. 1888-08-26 “The Isle of Pines”
79. 1888-09-16 “My Favorite Murder”
80. 1888-09-30 “A Tough Tussle”
81. 1888-10-14 “An Unfinished Race”
82. 1888-10-14 “Charles Ashmore’s Trail”
83. 1888-10-14 “The Difficulty of Crossing a Field”
84. 1888-10-28 “One of Twins”
85. 1888-12-02 “The City of the Gone Away”
86. 1889-01-20 “Chickamauga”
87. 1889-02-17 “One Officer, One Man”
88. 1889-04-14 “A Horseman in the Sky”
89. 1889-06-30 “The Coup de Grace”
90. 1889-07-07 “The Spook House”
91. 1889-07-14 “The Suitable Surroundings”
92. 1889-07-14 “The Boarded Window”
93. 1889-10-20 “The Affair at Coulter’s Notch”
94. 1889-12-29 “A Watcher by the Dead”
95. 1890-01-05 “The Major’s Tale”
96. 1890-01-13 “The Moral Sentiment”
97. 1890-01-13 “The Politicians”
98. 1890-06-01 “The Story of a Conscience”
99. 1890-06-29 “The Man and the Snake”
100. R T 1890-07-13 “An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge”
101. 1890-07-20 “The Realm of the Unreal”
102. 1890-08-17 “The Middle Toe of the Right Foot”
103. 1890-10-11 “Oil of Dog”
104. 1890-12-12 “How Leisure Came”
105. 1890-12-12 “The Ineffective Rooter”
106. 1891-00-00 “The Eyes of the Panther”
107. 1891-01-10 “The Widower Turmore”
108. 1891-01-24 “Haita the Shepherd”
109. 1891-01-30 “Two Politicians”
110. 1891-02-22 “Parker Adderson, Philosopher”
111. 1891-03-15 “A Lady from Redhorse”
112. 1891-03-20 “The City of Political Distinction”
113. 1891-04-03 “The Flying-Machine”
114. 1891-04-11 “The Critics”
115. 1891-04-25 “The Secret of Macarger’s Gulch”
116. 1891-05-31 “The Mocking-Bird”
117. 1891-08-02 “The Thing at Nolan”
118. 1891-08-22 “The Moral Principle and the Material Interest”
119. 1891-08-22 “The Poet’s Doom”
120. 1891-08-29 “A Baby Tramp”
121. 1891-10-03 “The Discontented Malefactor”
122. 1891-10-13 “The Poetess of Reform”
123. 1891-10-24 “The Crimson Candle”
124. 1891-10-30 “The Angel’s Tear”
125. 1891-10-30 “The Ingenious Patriot”
126. 1891-11-28 “The Conscientious Official”
127. 1891-12-19 “The Death of Halpin Frayser”
128. 1892-00-00 “The Monk and the Hangman’s Daughter”
129. 1892-01-02 “A Call to Quit”
130. 1892-01-02 “The Party Over There”
131. 1892-01-30 “Two Kings”
132. 1892-04-03 “An Adventure at Brownville”
133. 1892-12-17 “The Applicant”
134. 1893-00-00 “A Cold Night”
135. 1893-00-00 “A Creature of Habit”
136. 1893-00-00 “A Light Sleeper”
137. 1893-00-00 “Dead and ‘Gone’”
138. 1893-00-00 “Mysterious Disappearances”
139. 1893-00-00 “That of Granny Magone”
140. 1893-00-00 “The Mystery of John Farquharson”
141. 1893-00-00 “The Witch’s Steed”
142. 1893-01-01 “One Kind of Officer”
143. 1893-01-14 “Father and Son”
144. 1893-01-14 “The Tail of the Sphinx”
145. 1893-01-22 “John Bartine’s Watch”
146. 1893-04-15 “The Broom of the Temple”
147. 1893-04-15 “The Reform School Board”
148. 1893-05-06 “A Hasty Settlement”
149. 1893-05-06 “The Foolish Woman”
150. 1893-05-20 “The Literary Astronomer”
151. 1893-07-16 “A Protagonist of Silver”
152. 1893-07-16 “The Wooden Guns”
153. 1893-08-20 “The Holy Deacon”
154. 1893-08-20 “The Man with No Enemies”
155. 1893-09-10 “The Hypnotist”
156. L 1893-12-07 “The Damned Thing”
157. 1893-12-17 “A Jug of Syrup”
158. 1897-12-00 “Sheep and Lion”
159. 1897-12-19 “An Affair of Outposts”
160. 1899-00-00 “Streams of Water in the South”
161. 1899-00-00 “A Causeway”
162. 1899-00-00 “A Creaking Tail”
163. 1899-00-00 “A Fatal Disorder”
164. 1899-00-00 “A Flourishing Industry”
165. 1899-00-00 “A Forfeited Right”
166. 1899-00-00 “A Harmless Visitor”
167. 1899-00-00 “A Matter of Method”
168. 1899-00-00 “A Needful War”
169. 1899-00-00 “A Needless Labor”
170. 1899-00-00 “A Prophet of Evil”
171. 1899-00-00 “A Racial Parallel”
172. 1899-00-00 “A Revivalist Revived”
173. 1899-00-00 “A Seasonable Joke”
174. 1899-00-00 “A Ship and a Man”
175. 1899-00-00 “A Smiling Idol”
176. 1899-00-00 “A Statesman”
177. 1899-00-00 “A Talisman”
178. 1899-00-00 “A Transposition”
179. 1899-00-00 “A Treaty of Peace”
180. 1899-00-00 “A Valuable Suggestion”
181. 1899-00-00 “A Weary Echo”
182. 1899-00-00 “Alarm and Pride”
183. 1899-00-00 “An Antidote”
184. 1899-00-00 “An Inadequate Fee”
185. 1899-00-00 “An Inflated Ambition”
186. 1899-00-00 “An Invitation”
187. 1899-00-00 “An Optimist”
188. 1899-00-00 “An Unspeakable Imbecile”
189. 1899-00-00 “An Ærophobe”
190. 1899-00-00 “At Heaven’s Gate”
191. 1899-00-00 “At Large—One Temper”
192. 1899-00-00 “At the Pole”
193. 1899-00-00 “Congress and the People”
194. 1899-00-00 “Equipped for Service”
195. 1899-00-00 “Fortune and the Fabulist”
196. 1899-00-00 “From the Minutes”
197. 1899-00-00 “Hercules and the Carter”
198. 1899-00-00 “His Fly-Speck Majesty”
199. 1899-00-00 “Jupiter and the Baby Show”
200. 1899-00-00 “Jupiter and the Birds”
201. 1899-00-00 “King Log and King Stork”
202. 1899-00-00 “Mercury and the Woodchopper”
203. 1899-00-00 “Philosophers Three”
204. 1899-00-00 “Physicians Two”
205. 1899-00-00 “Rejected Services”
206. 1899-00-00 “Religions of Error”
207. 1899-00-00 “Revenge”
208. 1899-00-00 “Saint and Sinner”
209. 1899-00-00 “Six and One”
210. 1899-00-00 “The Alderman and the Racoon”
211. 1899-00-00 “The All Dog”
212. 1899-00-00 “The Ancient Order”
213. 1899-00-00 “The Ants and the Grasshopper”
214. 1899-00-00 “The Appropriate Memorial”
215. 1899-00-00 “The Archer and the Eagle”
216. 1899-00-00 “The Ashes of Madame Blavatsky”
217. 1899-00-00 “The Ass and the Grasshoppers”
218. 1899-00-00 “The Ass in the Lion’s Skin”
219. 1899-00-00 “The Austere Governor”
220. 1899-00-00 “The Australian Grasshopper”
221. 1899-00-00 “The Basking Cyclone”
222. 1899-00-00 “The Bellamy and the Members”
223. 1899-00-00 “The Belly and the Members”
224. 1899-00-00 “The Blotted Escutcheon and the Soiled Ermine”
225. 1899-00-00 “The Boneless King”
226. 1899-00-00 “The Boys and the Frogs”
227. 1899-00-00 “The Bumbo of Jiam”
228. 1899-00-00 “The Cat and the Birds”
229. 1899-00-00 “The Cat and the King”
230. 1899-00-00 “The Cat and the Youth”
231. 1899-00-00 “The Catted Anarchist”
232. 1899-00-00 “The Circular Clew”
233. 1899-00-00 “The Citizen and the Snakes”
234. 1899-00-00 “The Compassionate Physician”
235. 1899-00-00 “The Crab and His Son”
236. 1899-00-00 “The Crew of the Life-Boat”
237. 1899-00-00 “The Debaters”
238. 1899-00-00 “The Deceased and His Heirs”
239. 1899-00-00 “The Desperate Object”
240. 1899-00-00 “The Devoted Widow”
241. 1899-00-00 “The Disinterested Arbiter”
242. 1899-00-00 “The Divided Delegation”
243. 1899-00-00 “The Dog and His Reflection”
244. 1899-00-00 “The Dog and the Physician”
245. 1899-00-00 “The Dog and the Reflection”
246. 1899-00-00 “The Dutiful Son”
247. 1899-00-00 “The Eligible Son-in-Law”
248. 1899-00-00 “The Expatriated Boss”
249. 1899-00-00 “The Fabulist and the Animals”
250. 1899-00-00 “The Faithful Cashier”
251. 1899-00-00 “The Farmer and His Sons”
252. 1899-00-00 “The Farmer and the Fox”
253. 1899-00-00 “The Farmer’s Friend”
254. 1899-00-00 “The Fawn and the Buck”
255. 1899-00-00 “The Fisher and the Fished”
256. 1899-00-00 “The Fogy and the Sheik”
257. 1899-00-00 “The Fox and the Grapes”
258. 1899-00-00 “The Fugitive Office”
259. 1899-00-00 “The Good Government”
260. 1899-00-00 “The Goose and the Swan”
261. 1899-00-00 “The Grasshopper and the Ant”
262. 1899-00-00 “The Hardy Patriots”
263. 1899-00-00 “The Hare and the Tortoise”
264. 1899-00-00 “The Hare and the Tortoise”
265. 1899-00-00 “The Hares and the Frogs”
266. 1899-00-00 “The Hen and the Vipers”
267. 1899-00-00 “The Herdsman and the Lion”
268. 1899-00-00 “The Highwayman and the Traveler”
269. 1899-00-00 “The Honest Cadi”
270. 1899-00-00 “The Honest Citizen”
271. 1899-00-00 “The Humble Peasant”
272. 1899-00-00 “The Ingenious Blackmailer”
273. 1899-00-00 “The Judge and the Plaintiff”
274. 1899-00-00 “The Judge and the Rash Act”
275. 1899-00-00 “The Justice and His Accuser”
276. 1899-00-00 “The Kangaroo and the Zebra”
277. 1899-00-00 “The Kite, the Pigeons, and the Hawk”
278. 1899-00-00 “The Lassoed Bear”
279. 1899-00-00 “The Legislator and the Citizen”
280. 1899-00-00 “The Life-Saver”
281. 1899-00-00 “The Life-Savers”
282. 1899-00-00 “The Lion and the Boar”
283. 1899-00-00 “The Lion and the Bull”
284. 1899-00-00 “The Lion and the Mouse”
285. 1899-00-00 “The Lion and the Mouse”
286. 1899-00-00 “The Lion and the Rattlesnake”
287. 1899-00-00 “The Lion and the Thorn”
288. 1899-00-00 “The Lion, the Bear, and the Fox”
289. 1899-00-00 “The Lion, the Cock, and the Ass”
290. 1899-00-00 “The Man and His Goose”
291. 1899-00-00 “The Man and the Bird”
292. 1899-00-00 “The Man and the Dog”
293. 1899-00-00 “The Man and the Eagle”
294. 1899-00-00 “The Man and the Fish-Horn”
295. 1899-00-00 “The Man and the Lightning”
296. 1899-00-00 “The Man and the Viper”
297. 1899-00-00 “The Man and the Wart”
298. 1899-00-00 “The Man of Principle”
299. 1899-00-00 “The Massacre”
300. 1899-00-00 “The Member and the Soap”
301. 1899-00-00 “The Milkmaid and Her Bucket”
302. 1899-00-00 “The Mine Owner and the Jackass”
303. 1899-00-00 “The Mirror”
304. 1899-00-00 “The Monkey and the Nuts”
305. 1899-00-00 “The Mountain and the Mouse”
306. 1899-00-00 “The Mourning Brothers”
307. 1899-00-00 “The Nightside of Character”
308. 1899-00-00 “The No Case”
309. 1899-00-00 “The North Wind and the Sun”
310. 1899-00-00 “The Noser and the Note”
311. 1899-00-00 “The Old Man and His Sons”
312. 1899-00-00 “The Old Man and the Pupil”
313. 1899-00-00 “The Opossum of the Future”
314. 1899-00-00 “The Optimist and the Cynic”
315. 1899-00-00 “The Overlooked Factor”
316. 1899-00-00 “The Party Manager and the Gentleman”
317. 1899-00-00 “The Patriot and the Banker”
318. 1899-00-00 “The Pavoir”
319. 1899-00-00 “The Penitent Elector”
320. 1899-00-00 “The Penitent Thief”
321. 1899-00-00 “The Piping Fisherman”
322. 1899-00-00 “The Poet and the Editor”
323. 1899-00-00 “The Policeman and the Citizen”
324. 1899-00-00 “The Politicians and the Plunder”
325. 1899-00-00 “The Power of the Scalawag”
326. 1899-00-00 “The Prerogative of Might”
327. 1899-00-00 “The Pugilist’s Diet”
328. 1899-00-00 “The Rainmaker”
329. 1899-00-00 “The Return of the Representative”
330. 1899-00-00 “The Returned Californian”
331. 1899-00-00 “The Sagacious Rat”
332. 1899-00-00 “The Seeker and the Sought”
333. 1899-00-00 “The Self-Made Monkey”
334. 1899-00-00 “The Shadow of the Leader”
335. 1899-00-00 “The Snake and the Swallow”
336. 1899-00-00 “The Sportsman and the Squirrel”
337. 1899-00-00 “The Statesman and the Horse”
338. 1899-00-00 “The Taken Hand”
339. 1899-00-00 “The Thief and the Honest Man”
340. 1899-00-00 “The Thistles Upon the Grave”
341. 1899-00-00 “The Thrift of Strength”
342. 1899-00-00 “The Treasury and the Arms”
343. 1899-00-00 “The Tried Assassin”
344. 1899-00-00 “The Two Poets”
345. 1899-00-00 “The Tyrant Frog”
346. 1899-00-00 “The Unchanged Diplomatist”
347. 1899-00-00 “The Various Delegation”
348. 1899-00-00 “The Victor and the Victim”
349. 1899-00-00 “The War-Horse and the Miller”
350. 1899-00-00 “The Wolf and the Babe”
351. 1899-00-00 “The Wolf and the Crane”
352. 1899-00-00 “The Wolf and the Feeding Goat”
353. 1899-00-00 “The Wolf and the Lamb”
354. 1899-00-00 “The Wolf and the Lion”
355. 1899-00-00 “The Wolf and the Ostrich”
356. 1899-00-00 “The Wolf and the Shepherds”
357. 1899-00-00 “The Wolf Who Would Be a Lion”
358. 1899-00-00 “The Wolves and the Dogs”
359. 1899-00-00 “The Writer and the Tramps”
360. 1899-00-00 “Three of a Kind”
361. 1899-00-00 “Three Recruits”
362. 1899-00-00 “Two Dogs”
363. 1899-00-00 “Two Footpads”
364. 1899-00-00 “Two in Trouble”
365. 1899-00-00 “Two of the Damned”
366. 1899-00-00 “Two of the Pious”
367. 1899-00-00 “Uncalculating Zeal”
368. 1899-00-00 “Wasted Sweets”
369. 1899-04-16 “A Night at Moxon’s”
370. 1901-11-17 “At Old Man Eckert’s”
371. 1901-12-08 “A Diagnosis of Death”
372. 1905-10-00 “A Man with Two Lives”
373. 1905-10-00 “A Vine on a House”
374. 1905-10-00 “A Wireless Message”
375. 1905-10-00 “An Arrest”
376. 1906-00-00 The Cynic’s Word Book
377. 1906-03-00 “John Mortonson’s Funeral”
378. 1906-03-00 “One Summer Night”
379. 1906-03-00 “Stanley Fleming’s Hallucination”
380. 1906-11-00 “A Baffled Ambuscade”
381. 1906-11-00 “Two Military Executions”
382. 1907-01-00 “The Moonlit Road”
383. 1907-08-00 “The Other Lodgers”
384. 1907-12-00 “Beyond the Wall”
385. 1908-09-00 “A Resumed Identity”
386. 1908-10-00 “Three and One Are One”
387. 1909-00-00 “Ashes of the Beacon”
388. 1909-00-00 “For the Ahkoond”
389. 1909-00-00 “John Smith Liberator”
390. 1909-00-00 “Science to the Front”
391. 1909-00-00 “The Ways of Ghosts”
392. 1909-02-00 “The Stranger”
393. 1913-07-00 “The Mystery of the Ultimate Hills”
394. 1925-00-00 “A Sole Survivor”
395. 1927-00-00 A Cynic Looks at Life
396. 1984-00-00 “Perry Chumley’s Eclipse”
397. 1987-12-00 “A Culinary Challenge”
398. 1987-12-00 “A Defective Petition”
399. 1987-12-00 “An Intrusion”
400. 1987-12-00 “Cause and Effect”
401. 1987-12-00 “Disappointment”
402. 1987-12-00 “Religion of Error”
403. 1987-12-00 “The Inconsolable Widow”
404. 1987-12-00 “The Lion and the Mouse”
405. 1987-12-00 “The Ox and the Ass”
406. 1987-12-00 “The Penitent Thief”
407. 1987-12-00 “The Powerless Poet”
408. 1987-12-00 “The Statue at Bumboogle”
409. 1987-12-00 “Twin Intolerables”
410. 1988-00-00 “A Born Captain”
411. 1988-00-00 “A Chained Eagle”
412. 1988-00-00 “A Condition Precedent”
413. 1988-00-00 “A Discomfitted Philosopher”
414. 1988-00-00 “A Faulty Performance”
415. 1988-00-00 “A Half Loaf”
416. 1988-00-00 “A Monarch Forearmed”
417. 1988-00-00 “A Niggardly Offer”
418. 1988-00-00 “A Part of the Wages”
419. 1988-00-00 “Aftermath”
420. 1988-00-00 “As Usual”
421. 1988-00-00 “Atonement”
422. 1988-00-00 “By the River Marge”
423. 1988-00-00 “Consolation”
424. 1988-00-00 “Dame Fortune and the Traveler”
425. 1988-00-00 “Diplomacy”
426. 1988-00-00 “Environment”
427. 1988-00-00 “Famine Versus Pestilence”
428. 1988-00-00 “From General to Particular”
429. 1988-00-00 “Her Honor the Mayor”
430. 1988-00-00 “Improvidence”
431. 1988-00-00 “In Advance of His Time”
432. 1988-00-00 “Lamb and Wolf”
433. 1988-00-00 “Revelation”
434. 1988-00-00 “Saint and Soul”
435. 1988-00-00 “Soldier and Vulture”
436. 1988-00-00 “Spendthrift and Swallow”
437. 1988-00-00 “The Ambitious Statesman”
438. 1988-00-00 “The Fortunate Explorer”
439. 1988-00-00 “The Honorable Member”
440. 1988-00-00 “The Incredulous Subordinate”
441. 1988-00-00 “The Limit”
442. 1988-00-00 “The Main Thing”
443. 1988-00-00 “The Merciful Aspirant”
444. 1988-00-00 “The Monarchist Reclaimed”
445. 1988-00-00 “The Mysterious Word”
446. 1988-00-00 “The Plaudits of the People”
447. 1988-00-00 “The Reformed Anarchist”
448. 1988-00-00 “The Secret of Happiness”
449. 1988-00-00 “The Tolerant Soveriegn”
450. 1988-00-00 “The Unshrewd Assassin”
451. 1988-00-00 “Truth and the Traveler”
452. 1988-00-00 “Two Parrots”
453. 1988-00-00 “Two Sceptics”
454. 1988-00-00 “Two Sons”
455. 1988-00-00 “Widow and Soldier”
456. 1988-00-00 “Wolf and Tortoise”
457. 2000-03-00 “Fables from the Devil’s Dictionary”
458. 2000-03-00 “Uncollected Fables”
459. 2006-09-00 The Fiend’s Delight
460. 2006-10-00 “Fables”
461. 2012-07-17 “A Scientific Dream”
462. 2012-07-17 “A Story at the Club”
463. 2012-07-17 “Authenticating a Ghost”